2024年职称英语考试《卫生类A级》考试真题

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第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1、 Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law.

A．fundamental

B．moral

C．regular

D．hard

2、 The proposal was endorsed by the majority of members.

A．rejected

B．approved

C．submitted

D．considered

3、 Many experts remain skeptical about his claims.

A．untouched

B．certain

C．silent

D．doubtful

4、 This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.

A．turned dead

B．passed by

C．carried away

D．become extinct

5、 The methods of communication used during the war were primitive.

A．reliable

B．effective

C．simple

D．alternative

6、 Three world-class tennis players came to contend for this title.

A．argue

B．claim

C．wish

D．compete

7、 Come out, or Ill bust the door down.

A．shut

B．beat

C．set

D．break

8、 The rules are too rigid to allow for human error.

A．general

B．complex

C．inflexible

D．direct

9、 The tower remains intact ever after two hundred years.

A．unknown

B．undamaged

C．unusual

D．unstable

10、 They didnt seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.

A．existence

B．cause

C．importance

D．situation

11、 The contract between the two companies will expire soon.

A．shorten

B．start

C．end

D．resume

12、 The drinking water has become contaminated with lead.

A．polluted

B．treated

C．tested

D．corrupted

13、 She shed a few tears at her daughters wedding.

A．produced

B．wiped

C．injected

D．removed

14、 Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.

A．send

B．hear

C．confirm

D．spread

15、 The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.

A．cautious

B．naked

C．blind

D．private

第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分) 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

16、根据下列材料，回答16-22题

In Year Face

　　Why is this man so angry? We dont know the reason, but we can see the emotion in his face. Whatever culture you come from, you can understand the feeling that he is expressing. Forty years ago, psychologist Paul Ekman of the University of California, San Francisco, became interested in how peoples faces show their feelings. He took photographs of Americans expressing various emotions. Then he showed them to the Fore people, who live in the jungle in New GuineA．Most of the Fore had never seen foreign faces, but they easily understood Americans expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, and surprise.

Then Ekman did the same experiment in reverse. He showed pictures of Fore faces to Americans, and the results were similar. Americans had no problems reading the emotions on the Fore peoples faces. Ekmans research gave powerful support to the theory that facial expressions for basic emotions are the same everywhere. He did more research in Japan, Brazil, and Argentina, and got the same results.

　　According to Ekman, these six emotions are universal because they are built into our brains. They developed to help us deal with things quickly that might hurt us. Some emotional triggers are universal as well. When something suddenly comes into sight, people feel fear, because it might be dangerous. But most emotional triggers are learneD．For example, two people might smell newly cut grass. One person spent wonderful-summers in the country as a child, so the smell makes him happy. The other person remembers working very hard on a farm and being hungry, so he feels sad.

　　Once we make an emotional association in our brain, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to change it. Emotion is the least changeable part of the brain. says Ekman. But we can learn to manage our emotions better. For instance, we can be more aware of things that make us angry, and we can think before we react.

There are many differences between cultures, in their languages and customs. But a smile is exactly the same everywhere.

Paul Ekman studies peoples faces in different cultures.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

17、 Ekman did research in several countries and got different results.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

18、 Americans get angry more often than the Fore people from New Guinea.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

19、 Ekman thinks that some basic emotions are the same everywhere.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

20、 Two people might feel different emotions about the same thing.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

21、 Fear is the most difficult emotion to change.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

22、 People of different cultures smile when they understand each other.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

第3部分：概括大意和完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分) 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择个小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

23、根据材料，回答23-30题

Organic Food: Why?

1． Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years． So what is the attraction of organic food for some people? The really important thing is that organic sounds more natural eating organic is a way of defining oneself as natural, good, caring, different from the junk-food-eating masses．

2． Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with natural rather than man-made, fertilizers and pesticides． Techniques such as crop rotation (轮种) improve soil quality and help organic farmers compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals． As a method of food production organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labor and land; there are severe limits to how much food can be produceD．Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertilizers are tiny compared with the amount of carbon dioxide emitted (排放) by transporting food．

3． Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional fanning． Yet studies into organic fanning worldwide continue to reject this claim． An extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found that there was no statistically significant difference between organic and conventional crops． Even where results indicated there was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences would have any noticeable effect on health．

4． The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conventional food was always likely to be misleading． Food is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of reasons including freshness, the way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is grown in the amount of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on． Likewise, the flavor of a carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilized with manure (粪便) or something out of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up．

5． Then notion that organic food is safer than normal food is also contradicted by the fact that many of our most common foods are full of natural toxins (毒素)． As one research expert says: People think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them． That is simply not the case． In fact, it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more likely it is that it will poison you． Naturally, many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops．

Paragraph 1__________．

A．Main reason for the popularity of organic food

B．Description of organic farming

C．Factors that affect food health value

D．Testing the taste of organic food

E．Necessity to remove hidden dangers from food

F．Research into whether organic food is better

24、 Paragraph 2__________．

A．Main reason for the popularity of organic food

B．Description of organic farming

C．Factors that affect food health value

D．Testing the taste of organic food

E．Necessity to remove hidden dangers from food

F．Research into whether organic food is better

25、 Paragraph 3__________．

A．Main reason for the popularity of organic food

B．Description of organic farming

C．Factors that affect food health value

D．Testing the taste of organic food

E．Necessity to remove hidden dangers from food

F．Research into whether organic food is better

26、 Paragraph 4__________．

A．Main reason for the popularity of organic food

B．Description of organic farming

C．Factors that affect food health value

D．Testing the taste of organic food

E．Necessity to remove hidden dangers from food

F．Research into whether organic food is better

27、 Techniques of organic farming help__________．

A．show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones

B．be specially trained

C．improve soil quality

D．poison you

E．be eaten

F．affect their nutritional content

28、 There is no convincing evidence to__________．

A．show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones

B．be specially trained

C．improve soil quality

D．poison you

E．be eaten

F．affect their nutritional content

29、 The weather conditions during the growth of crops__________．

A．show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones

B．be specially trained

C．improve soil quality

D．poison you

E．be eaten

F．affect their nutritional content

30、 The closer a plant is to its natural state; the less suitable it is to__________．

A．show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones

B．be specially trained

C．improve soil quality

D．poison you

E．be eaten

F．affect their nutritional content

第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分) 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

31、

根据下列材料，回答31-45题

Why Dont Babies Talk Like Adults?

　　Over the past half-century, scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk. One states that a young childs brain needs time to master language, in the same way that it does to master other abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a childs vocabulary level is the key factor. According to this theory, some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation occurs. Childrens mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.

　　In 2007, researchers at Harvard University, who were studying the two theories, found a clever way to test them. More than 20000 internationally adopted children enter the US each year. Many of them no longer hear their birth language after they arrive, and they must learn English more or less the same way infants do -- that is, by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees dont take classes or use a dictionary when they are learning their new tongue and most of them dont have a well-developed first language. All of these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language is learned.

　　Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker, Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27 children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years. These children began learning English at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task. Even so, just as with American-born infants, their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft (缺乏的) of function words, word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip. The adoptees and native children started combining words in sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes, further suggesting that what matters is not how old you are or how mature your brain is, but the number of words you know.

　　This finding -- that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage -- suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains, but because they have only just started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations. Before long, the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.

　　But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question. Adult immigrants, who learn a second language rarely, achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a critical period for language development，after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency．Yet we still do not understand this critical period or know why it ends．

What is the writers main purpose in Paragraph 2 ?

A．To reject the view that adopted children need two languages．

B．To argue that culture affects the way children learn a language．

C．To give reasons why adopted children were used in the study．

D．To justify a particular approach to language learning．

32、 Snedeker，Geren and Shafto based their study on children who__________.

A．were finding it difficult to learn English

B．were learning English at a later age than US children

C．had come from a number of language backgrounds

D．had taken English lessons in China

33、 What aspect of the adopted childrens language development differed from that of USborn children?

A．The rate at which they acquired language．