（福建省专用）高三英语二轮复习 专题三 阅读理解专题课件
十三、推断文章的逻辑结构题 各种文体的文章基本结构 1．说明文的基本结构
Definition
(Introduction) Example Comparison Conclusion Conclusion
Description (Explanation)
2．议论文的基本结构
Topic
Arguments
Facts Examples Theory Conclusion
(Opinion)
(Supporting sentences) 论点
论据
结论 3．记叙文的基本结构
Story presentation (account) Time clues
Ending
(surprising/humourous way) Inverted time clues 4．夹叙夹议文的基本结构 Story presentation
Conclusion
Opinion Advice Significance
A B 答案 C 答案 A 答案 B 答案 C 答案 D 答案 D 答案 A 答案 D A 答案 A B 答案 A 答案 B 答案 B B 答案 C 答案 D 答案 B 答案 C 答案 A B B D 答案 D 答案 A C D C 答案 A 答案 A 答案 D 答案 C 答案 D 答案 D *
专题三
阅读理解
[命题特点]
试题中所选材料原汁原味，体现了跨文化交际意识，锻炼了学生对外国文化的认知能力和辨知力，这十分利于考查学生的综合语言运用能力，符合考生的生活实际、学习特点和认知水平。并且各种题型的考查，不仅突出了语言的实际运用性，亦突出了试题的时代性，让学生关心时事，关心自己身边的生活。
[命题要求]要求考生读懂有关公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。考生应能：
1．理解主旨要义；2.理解文中具体信息；3.根据上下文推断生词的词义；4.作出简单判断和推理；5.理解文章的基本结构； 6.理解作者的意图和态度。7.根据文中提供的信息用恰当的词语完成与短文相关的图表。
题型突破
一、主旨大意归纳题
这类试题要求对文章的整体或局部(如段落)进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力。题干表现形式：
1．
•The passage mainly discusses...
•Which of the following statements best expresses the main
idea of the passage?
•What is the main idea of the passage?
•What is the passage mainly about?
•What does the writer mainly tell us?
•Which of the following can summarize the main idea
of this text?
•Which of the following best expresses the main idea?
•What is the subject/topic discussed in the text?
2．目的类主旨大意题
•The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to...
•The passage is meant to...
3． 标题类主旨大意题
•The best title for the passage might be...
•What would be the best title for the passage?
•The best headline for this newspaper article is...
寻找主题句是解决这类题的关键。主题句往往在文首、文末，有时在文章的中间，也可能没有，要根据文章内容进行归纳。
正确选项的特点：
(1)含有抽象名词和概括性词语。四个选项中， 含有approach, concept, chance, opportunity, various，both，general, many, difficult, way, necessity, necessary, importance 等词的选项一般是正确选项；(2) 四个选项中， 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项；
那些概括全文， 内容全面， 含义深刻， 说明道理的选项一般是答案项， 而选项内容片面，单一的内容一般是错误选项。
错误选项的特点：
(1)以偏概全；(2)过于笼统；(3)强加观点；(4)无关信息。
阅读下列文章或片段，从A、B、C、D中选出最佳选项。
Science can’t explain the power of pets，but many studies have shown that the company of pets can help lower blood pressure(血压) and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack，reduce loneliness and spread allround good cheer.
Any owner will tell you how much joy a pet brings.For some，an animal provides more comfort than a husband/wife.A 2002 study by Karen Allen of the State University of New York measured stress(紧张) levels and blood pressure in people—half of them pet owners—while they performed 5 minutes of mental arithmetic(算术) or held a hand in ice water.Subjects completed the tasks alone，with a husband/wife，a close friend or with a pet.People with pets did it best.Those tested with their animal friends had smaller change in blood pressure and returned most quickly to baseline heart rates.With pets in the room，people also made fewer math mistakes than when doing in front of other companions.It seems people feel more relaxed(放松) around pets，says Allen，who thinks it may be because pets don’t judge.
A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on your eating
habits.Researchers in Northwestern Memorial Hospital spent a year studying 36 fat people and their equally fat dogs on dietandexercise programs；a separate group of 56 people without pets were put on a diet program.On average，people lost about 11 pounds，or 5% of their body weight.Their dogs did even better，losing an average of 12 pounds，more than 15% of their body weight.Dog owners didn’t lose any more weight than those without dogs but，say researchers，got more exercise overall—mostly with their dogs—and found it worth doing.
67．What does the text mainly discuss?
A．What pets bring to their owners.
B．How pets help people calm down.
C．People’s opinions of keeping pets.
D．Pets’value in medical research.
解析 由划线部分是主题句可以总结本文主要介绍的是宠物给人们带来的种种好处。D不够全面，B、C文中没有提及，是无关信息，不能选。
(2010年·湖北卷)
They wear the latest fashions with the most uptodate accessories(配饰)．Yet these are not girls in their teens or twenties but women in their sixties and seventies.A generation which would once only wear oldfashioned clothes is now favouring the same high street looks worn by those half their age.
Professor Julia Twigg，a social policy expert said，“Women over 75 are now shopping for clothes more frequently than they did when they were young in the 1960s.In the 1960s buying a coat for a woman was a serious matter.It was an expensive item that they would purchase only every three or four years—now you can pick one up at the supermarket whenever you wish to.Fashion is a lot cheaper and people get tired of things more quickly.”
Professor Twigg analysed family expenditure(支出)data and found that while the percentage of spending on clothes and shoes by women had stayed around the same—at 5 or 6 per cent of spending—the amount of clothes bought had risen sharply.
The professor said，“Clothes are now 70 per cent cheaper than they were in the 1960s because of the huge expansion of production in the Far East.In the 1960s Leeds was the heart of the British fashion industry and that was where most of the clothes came from，but now almost all of our clothes are sourced elsewhere.Everyone is buying more clothes but in general we are not spending more money on them.”
Fashion designer Angela Barnard，who runs her own fashion business in London，said older women were much more affected by celebrity(名流) style than in previous years.
She said，“When people see stars such as Judi Dench and Helen Mirren looking attractive and fashionable in their sixties，they want to follow them.Older women are much more aware of celebrities.There’s also the boom in TV programmes showing people how they can change their looks，and many of my older customers do yoga to stay in shape well in their fifties.When I started my business a few years ago，my older customers tended to be very rich，but now they are what I would call ordinary women.My own mother is 61 and she wears the latest fashions in a way she would never have done ten years ago.”
62．Which is the best possible title of the passage?
A．Age Is No Barrier for Fashion Fans
B．The More Fashionable, the Less Expensive
C．Unexpected Changes in Fashion
D．Boom of the British Fashion Industry
解析 通读全文可知，本文主要分析了老年妇女着装风格的变化，说明随着社会的发展，时装不再是年轻人的专利，老年人一样喜欢穿时装。所以A项做标题最适合。
(2010年·四川卷)
Alex London Research Laboratory (ALRL) is part of Alex Co.，Ltd.，a major Australian medicinemaking company.Opened in 1992，ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases.A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager(ROM) to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield，due to open in the autumn of 2010.
Reporting to the Director，you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction.You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL’s health and safety，and to communicate (沟通)with support employees at ALRL’s laboratories based at University College London.Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees，you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories.
Candidates(申请人) will have experience of both management and research support/technical services.Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary.Education to degree level is also desirable.
If you are interested in this position，please send your CV(简历)to Alex London Research Laboratory，University College London，Hatfield，London，W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@alex.co.uk..For more information，please visit www.alex.co.uk..
51．What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The technical skills of a wouldbe ROM.
B．The practical experience of a wouldbe ROM.
C．The personal information of a wouldbe ROM.
D．The necessary requirements for a wouldbe ROM.
解析 根据第四段提供的信息：申请人要有管理和技术服务的经验、研究操作的知识及极好的交际技能等，可知本段主要谈及对应聘职位者的具体能力要求。
52．What is the purpose of the text?
A．To describe the job of a ROM.
B．To provide information about ALRL.
C．To announce an open position at ALRL.
D．To make known the opening of the new laboratories.
解析 本篇文章为广告招聘，提供了Alex Co., Ltd招聘一名ROM的信息，并对要招聘的职位提出了具体的要求。目的自然是让大家了解ALRL公司有一公开招聘的职位。
二、推测寓意题
Andy rode slowly on his way to school，daydreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him.He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him.He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present.He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens.What he saw shocked and terrified him.A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him.
With no time to waste，Andy sped off in the opposite direction，riding furiously—but without knowing how to escape the swarm.With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously，he sped down the rough road.As the bees came closer，his panic increased.Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇)．The last sting had landed him in hospital—and that was only one bee sting！He had been forced to stay in bed for two whole days.Suddenly，his father’s words came to him.“When you are in a tight situation，don’t panic.Use your brain and think your way out of it.”
On a nearby hill，he could see smoke waving slowly skywards from the chimney of the Nelson family home.“Bees don’t like smoke，” he thought.“They couldn’t get into the house.”Andy raced towards the Nelson house，but the bees were gaining around.Andy knew he could not reach the house in time.He estimated that the bees would catch up with him soon.
Suddenly，out of the corner of his eyes，he spotted a small dam used by Mr.Nelson to irrigate his vegetable garden.Off his bike and into the cool water he dived，disappearing below the surface and away from the savage insects.After holding his breath for as long as he could，Andy came up for air and noticed the bees had gone.Dragging himself out of the dam，he struggled up the hilly slope and rang the doorbell.Mr.Nelson took him inside and rang his mother.“You’ll really need that fishing break to help you recover，”laughed his mother with relief.“Thank goodness you didn’t panic！”But Andy did not hear her.He was dreaming once again of the fish he would catch tomorrow.
59．Which of the following can best describe Andy’s escape from the bees?
A．No pains, no gains.
B．Once bitten, twice shy.
C．Where there is a will, there is a way.
D．In time of danger, one’s mind works fast.
解析 文章最后一段的第二句，Andy的妈妈说道： Thank goodness you didn’t panic.谢天谢地你没有慌神，可知情急之下Andy仍然成功想到办法脱险，再综合A、B、C、D四个选项的意思，可以判断出D选项。A.不劳无获；B.一朝被蛇咬，三年怕井绳；C.有志者，事竟成；D.急中生智。
(2010年·新课标卷)
There were smiling children all the way.Clearly they knew at what time the train passed their homes and they made it their business to stand along the railway，wave to complete strangers and cheer them up as they rushed towards Penang.Often whole families stood outside their homes and waved and smiled as if those on the trains were their favorite relatives.This is the simple village people of Malaysia.I was moved.
I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car，so this was the first time I was on a train.I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread.I looked about the train.There was not one familiar face.I sighed and sat down to read my Economics.
It was not long before the train was across the Causeway and in Malaysia.Johore Baru was just another city like Singapore，so I was tired of looking at the crowds of people as they hurried past.As we went beyond the city，I watched the straight rows of rubber trees and miles and miles of green.Then the first village came into sight.Immediately I came alive，I decided to wave back.
From then on my journey became interesting.I threw my magazines into the waste basket and decided to join in Malaysian life.Then everything came alive.The mountains seemed to speak to me.Even the trees were smiling.I stared at everything as if I was looking at it for the first time.
The day passed fast and I even forgot to have my lunch until I felt hungry.I looked at my watch and was surprised that it was 3∶00 pm.Soon the train pulled up at Butterworth.I looked at the people all around me.They all looked beautiful.When my uncle arrived with a smile，I threw my arms around him to give him a warm hug (拥抱)．I had never done this before.He seemed surprised and then his weatherbeaten face warmed up with a huge smile.We walked arm in arm to his car.
I looked forward to the return journey.
75．What can we learn from the story?
A．Comfort in traveling by train.
B．Pleasure of living in the country.
C．Reading gives people delight.
D．Smiles brighten people up.
