2024高考英语备考复习学案:动词和动词短语
对动词词义、动词短语的辨析以及动词搭配的考查一直是高考的热点。因此在一轮的复习中要注重对动词及短语的含义及引申义进行归纳总结;突出对其在具体的语境中意义选择的把握。
一、常考的十类动词及词组
1. 连系动词
特点:后面常接形容词或名词,此时动词没有进行时和被动语态。连系动词按其所表示的意义可分为以下四种:
(1) 变化类,表事物发展变化的过程,如become, go, turn, grow, get, fall, come等。
(2) 感官类,表人体部位的感受,如feel, smell, taste, look,sound等。
(3) 状态类,表事物所处的状态,如keep, remain, stand, lie, stay, prove等。
(4) 外表特征类,表外表给人的印象,如appear, seem, look等。
2. 感官动词和使役动词
常考的感官动词有see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find, catch等。感官动词的主要考点是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作补足语,表达不同的含义。
常考的使役动词有make, have, keep等。使役动词的主要考点是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作补足语,表达不同的含义。如:
He looked around and caught a man __________ his hand into the pocket of a passenger.
A.put
B.to be putting
C.to put
D.putting
【解析】 D catch sb doing sth“发现、发觉某人做某事”,doing sth为现在分词短语作宾语补足语。可接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词还有:feel, hear, have, get, see, watch, notice, observe, find, keep, leave等。
3. 不用被动语态的动词及动词短语
英语中有些动词及短语可用其主动形式表达被动含义。
(1) 某些实义动词的主动形式后跟副词表示主语的某种属性特征,不用被动。
这类动词有:sell, wash, write, last, read, wear等。如:
This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long.
这种布耐洗而且耐用。
The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly. 父亲送给我作为生日礼物的钢笔书写很流畅。
Written in simple English, this article reads easily.
因为这篇文章是用简单的英语写的,所以读起来很容易。
(2) 某些及物动词转为不及物动词后,其主动形式表示被动意义。
这类动词有:open(打开,营业),close(关门),shut(关闭),cut(切割),weigh(重),act(上演)等。如:
This shop opens much earlier than it used to.
这家商店比过去开门更早了。
Each stone weighs two tons. 每块石头重达两吨。
(3) 某些不及物动词及词组,本身表被动含义,所以它们常用主动形式。
这类动词及词组有:happen, occur, cost,come out(出版),turn up(被找到),come into being(产生),come to one's mind(想起),come into use(开始使用), turn out(证明是),come about(发生),break out(爆发),belong to(属于),come up(被提出), be worth(值得做), be to blame(受责备)等。如:
The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century. 第一批用作英语教学的外语教材出版于18世纪。
Suddenly an idea came to his mind.
他突然想到一个主意。
Who is to blame for breaking the vase?
打碎花瓶应由谁负责?
The problem finally came up at the meeting.
这个问题终于在会议上被提出来了。
Even the best theory can turn out (to be) wrong.
即使最好的理论都可能被证明是错误的。
(4) “主语+系动词+形容词+不定式”句式中。
当形容词说明主语具有某种特征,主语又充当不定式的逻辑宾语时,其中不定式要用主动形式表达被动意义。常用于这一结构的形容词有:easy, hard, difficult, heavy, fit, expensive等。如:
The physics problem is easy to work out.
这道物理题很容易算出来。
A guide is expensive to employ.
雇用向导花钱很多。
This kind of fish is not fit to eat.
这种鱼不适合吃。
4. 接动名词作宾语的动词或词组
常见的有:avoid, can't help, can't stand, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, admit, appreciate, deny, forbid等。如:
The bird was lucky to escape being caught.
这只鸟幸运地逃离了被捕抓的命运。
He is always practicing playing the piano after school.
他经常放学后练习弹钢琴。
5. 接不定式作宾语的动词
常见的有:afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse,want等。如:
He can't afford to buy such an expensive car.
他买不起这么贵的车。
Tom managed to cut down dozens of trees.
汤姆成功地砍倒数十棵数。
6. 表示 “需要”意义的动词
这类词既可直接接动名词,也可接不定式的被动语态,但两者均可表示被动含义。它们是:need, want, require等。如:Your sick mother needs looking after.=Your sick mother needs to be looked after.你病弱的母亲需要照顾。
7. 接虚拟语气的动词
有些动词表示“应该(或命令、建议、要求等)”时,其后的宾语从句用should加动词原形,其中should常可省略。它们是:order, suggest, insist, advise, demand, request, require, propose等。如:
Our teacher requires this be done in no time.
我们老师要求这个立刻完成。
8. 表示“计划未能实现”的动词
此类动词常用过去完成式加不定式,或用过去式接不定式的完成式表虚拟语气,表达原来的计划未能实现。它们是:intend, mean, plan, hope, expect, think, want, suppose等。如:
I had meant to tell you about it yesterday, but the snowstorm prevented me.
They hoped to have stayed there a week, but they couldn't because of another important meeting.
9.现在表将来类
这类动词(词组)常用一般现在时或现在进行时表将来。它们是:come, go, leave, start, arrive, move, begin, fall, see, stay, take off等。如:
Your plane takes off at a quarter past two in the afternoon.
你的飞机是下午二点一刻起飞。
10.带介词to的动词短语
带介词to的动词短语有:be (get) used to, lead to, devote…to, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, adapt to等。当它们后面出现动词时,要用v. ing形式。
Peter suggested that Tom go there at once.
彼得建议汤姆立刻去那。
二、以动词为词源形成的常用动词短语
1. 以break为中心
break away from 脱离,逃离
break down
出故障,崩溃,粉碎,瓦解
break in
闯进,打断
break into
闯入;强行进入
break out
爆发,发生
break off
打断,断绝,折断; 突然终止
break through
突破;克服
break up
破碎;解散,分解;结束
2. 以bring为中心
bring about
导致,引起,促使
bring back
带回,使回忆,使恢复
bring down
使下降,打垮,击落
bring forward
提出;提前
bring in
把……带进来;引进;挣得(收入)
bring on
导致,引起,使发展
bring out
使显现;出版
bring up
抚养,养育,培养
3. 以call为中心
call at
访问(某地);停泊在
call away
叫走;把(注意力)转移开
call for
需要,要求;接(某人),迎
call in
召集,收集;下令收回
call off
取消,下令停止
call on
要求,恭请;号召;拜访(某人)
call out
下令罢工;召唤出动
call up
打电话给……;召集;使想起
4. 以carry为中心
carry away
冲走,带走;冲昏某人头脑
carry back
拿回,运回;使想起
carry off
成功地对付;获得(奖品)
carry on
坚持,继续,进行
carry out
贯彻,执行,实施
carry through
坚持到底,进行到底;履行(承诺)
5. 以come为中心
come about
发生
come across
偶尔发现;偶然遇到
come back
回来;恢复,复原
come off
(头发、牙齿、纽扣)脱落,离开
come on
上演;开始;赶快;发展
come out
出来;发芽;出版;结果是;说出
come over
访问;突然感到
come round/around
苏醒;拜访;再次发生
come to an end
终止,结束
when it comes to…
就……而论,谈到
come to life
苏醒
come to light
明朗化,出现,显露出来
come to oneself
恢复常态
come true
实现,成为现实
come up
走近;发生;发芽;(问题)被提出
6. 以cut为中心
cut away
切去,砍掉
cut down
砍倒,削减,缩短
cut off
切断,中断;阻碍,阻挡
cut out
切下,剪下,裁下;删去
cut through
开辟(出路等)
cut up
切碎,切掉;使悲伤
7. 以fall为中心
fall back
撤退,后退
fall behind
落后,落伍,落在后面
fall down
不够好
fall in love with…
爱上……
fall into
陷入;养成
fall off
衰退,减少
fall over
被……绊倒
8. 以get为中心
get about
徘徊,走动;流传
get across
使被理解
get along
前进,进步;离去,相处
get around
走动;传播
get away
离开,逃脱
get back
取回,回来;报复
get down to
认真对待,静下心来
get out of
由……出来,从……得出;避免;放弃
get over
越过;恢复,痊愈;克服;完成
get rid of
除去,去掉;免除,摆脱
get through
拨通;到达;完成;通过;及格
get up
起床,起立;忙于,从事
9. 以give为中心
give away
赠送;失去;泄露
give back
归还;使恢复
give in
屈服,让步,投降
give off
发出(烟、气味)
give out
分发;公布;发出;用完,耗尽
give up
放弃;停止
10. 以go为中心
go about
开始做某事;忙于某事
go across
度过,越过
go after
追逐,追求,跟随
go against
反对,不利于
go ahead
前进,进展,继续
go along with…
陪伴,和……一道走
go away
离开,走掉
go by
经过,过去
go for
支持,赞成;适用于,去(取、拿)
go off
走开;爆炸
go on
继续,接下去
go out
出去;熄灭;送出;播出
go over
温习,检查
go round
拜访;参观
go through
审查,履行;通过;经历,忍受
go too far
走得太远,做/说得太过火
go up
上升,上涨;攀登
go without
没有……也行11. 以hold为中心
hold back
隐瞒;阻止;克制
hold down
压制;压低
hold on
坚持;等一等,别挂断
hold on to
抓住不放;不卖
hold out
伸出;提供机会
hold up
举起,竖起;支持住;延误,使耽搁
12. 以keep为中心
keep away (from)
不接近,避开,远离
keep back
阻止,扣留,隐瞒 keep in mind
记住
keep off
不接近,远离;避免吃(或喝、吸)某物
keep out
使……不入内;不卷入
keep pace with…
跟上,同……步调一致
keep to
坚持;固守,遵守
keep up
继续;(天气)持续不变;保持,维持
keep up with…
赶上,跟上,与……并肩前进
13. 以lay为中心
lay aside 把……放在一边;留存备用
lay down
放下;规定
lay off
(暂时)解雇;停止
lay out
铺开,展开